Best practices for developers, as encoded in recent programming language designs, recommend the use of immutability whenever practical. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence about the uptake of this advice. Our goal is to understand the usage of immutability by C++ developers in practice. This work investigates how C++ developers use immutability by analyzing their use of the C++ immutability qualifier, const, and by analyzing the code itself. We answer the following broad questions about const usage: 1) do developers actually write non-trivial (more than 3 methods) immutable classes and immutable methods? 2) do developers label their immutable classes and methods? We analyzed 7 medium-to-large open source projects and collected two sources of empirical data: 1) const annotations by developers, indicating an intent to write immutable code; and 2) the results of a simple static analysis which identified easily const-able methods---those that clearly did not mutate state. We estimate that 5% of non-trivial classes (median) are immutable. We found the vast majority of classes do carry immutability labels on methods: surprisingly, developers const-annotate 46% of methods, and we estimate that at least 51% of methods could be const-annotated. Furthermore, developers missed immutability labels on at least 6% of unannotated methods. We provide an in-depth discussion on how developers use const and the results of our analyses.

@inproceedings{Eyolfson019,
  title = {How C++ Developers Use Immutability Declarations: An Empirical Study},
  author = {Jonathan Eyolfson and Patrick Lam},
  booktitle = {ICSE},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.1109/icse.2019.00050}
}