Reducing energy consumption of software is an increasingly important objective, and there has been extensive research for data centers, smartphones, and embedded systems. However, when it comes to software, we lack working tools and methods to directly reduce energy consumption. For performance, we can resort to configuration options for tuning response time or throughput of a software system. For energy, it is still unclear whether the underlying assumption that runtime performance correlates with energy consumption holds, especially when it comes to optimization via configuration. To evaluate whether and to what extent this assumption is valid for configurable software systems, we conducted the largest empirical study of this kind to date. First, we searched the literature for reports on whether and why runtime performance correlates with energy consumption. We obtained a mixed, even contradicting picture from positive to negative correlation, and that configurability has not been considered yet as a factor for this variance. Second, we measured and analyzed both the runtime performance and energy consumption of 14 real-world software systems. We found that, in many cases, it depends on the software system's configuration whether runtime performance and energy consumption correlate and that, typically, only few configuration options influence the degree of correlation. A fine-grained analysis at the function level revealed that only few functions are relevant to obtain an accurate proxy for energy consumption and that, knowing them, allows one to infer individual transfer factors between runtime performance and energy consumption.

@inproceedings{WeberKSAS23,
  title = {Twins or False Friends? A Study on Energy Consumption and Performance of Configurable Software},
  author = {Max Weber and Christian Kaltenecker and Florian Sattler and Sven Apel and Norbert Siegmund},
  booktitle = {ICSE},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.1109/icse48619.2023.00177}
}