Fixing software bugs is crucial yet demands significant resources from developers. Automated Program Repair (APR) is a promising solution to address this challenging task. The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has opened a new era of LLM-based APR, substantially advancing the APR field further. LLM-based APR methods face significant challenges regarding memory inefficiency, hindering their scalability and effectiveness. This is largely due to the beam search utilized in the patch generation phase of LLM-based APR, which requires large beam sizes to search for more potentially good repair candidates. In this paper, we first show that increases in beam size, even for small-sized LLMs (1B-7B params), require extensive GPU usage, leading to up to 80% of recurring crashes due to memory overloads in LLM-based APR. Seemingly simple solutions to reduce memory consumption are (1) to quantize LLM models, i.e., converting the weights of an LLM from high-precision values to lower-precision ones, and (2) to make beam search sequential, i.e., forwarding each beam through the model sequentially and then concatenating them back into a single output. However, we show that these approaches still do not work in APR due to the demand of large beam sizes. To address this, we introduce FLAMES, a novel LLM-based APR technique that employs semantic-guided patch generation to enhance repair effectiveness and memory efficiency. Unlike conventional methods that rely on beam search, FLAMES utilizes greedy decoding to enhance memory efficiency while steering the search towards more potentially good repair candidates via a semantic-guided best-first search algorithm. At each decoding step, FLAMES uses semantic feedback from test validation, such as the number of passing and failing test cases, to select the most promising token to explore further. Our empirical evaluation on Defects4J shows that FLAMES substantially reduces memory consumption by up to 83% compared to LLM-based APR without compromising time efficiency. Moreover, FLAMES correctly fixes 133 bugs on Defects4J, fixing 10 bugs more than the best baseline. Additionally, these improvements also generalize to the HumanEval-Java and TransformedD4J datasets, where FLAMES generates 12% and 36.5% more correct patches, respectively, than the best baseline.

@inproceedings{paperbot11572,
  title = {Memory-Efficient Large Language Models for Program Repair with Semantic-Guided Patch Generation},
  author = {Thanh Le Cong and Bach Le and Toby Murray},
  booktitle = {ICSE},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1145/3744916.3773240}
}