We investigate a correspondence between the complexity hierarchy of constraint satisfaction problems and a hierarchy of logical compactness hypotheses for finite relational structures. It seems that the harder a constraint satisfaction problem is, the stronger the corresponding compactness hypothesis is. At the top level, the NP-complete constraint satisfaction problems correspond to compactness hypotheses that are equivalent to the ultrafilter axiom in all the cases we have investigated. At the bottom level, the simplest constraint satisfaction problems correspond to compactness hypotheses that are readily provable from the axioms of Zermelo and Fraenkel.

@article{paperbot210,
  title = {Logical compactness and constraint satisfaction problems},
  author = {Danny Rorabaugh and Claude Tardif and David Wehlau},
  journal = {Logical Methods in Computer Science},
  volume = {Volume 13, Issue 1},
  year = {2017},
  doi = {10.23638/lmcs-13(1:1)2017}
}