In strict languages, laziness is typically modeled with explicit thunks that defer a computation until needed and memoize the result. Such thunks are implemented using a closure. Implementing lazy data structures using thunks thus has several disadvantages: closures cannot be printed or inspected during debugging; allocating closures requires additional memory, sometimes leading to poor performance; reasoning about the performance of such lazy data structures is notoriously subtle. These complications prevent wider adoption of lazy data structures, even in settings where they should shine. In this paper, we introduce lazy constructors as a simple first-order alternative to lazy thunks. Lazy constructors enable the thunks of a lazy data structure to be defunctionalized, yielding implementations of lazy data structures that are not only significantly faster but can easily be inspected for debugging.

@article{paperbot3040,
  title = {First-Order Laziness},
  author = {Anton Lorenzen and Daan Leijen and Wouter Swierstra and Sam Lindley},
  journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages},
  volume = {9},
  number = {ICFP},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.1145/3747530}
}