一句话：提出量子纠错程序的形式验证框架，含证明系统、VC 求解与 Coq 形式化，并实现 Veri-QEC。
量子纠错是抑制量子硬件噪声、实现容错量子计算的基础，但其程序验证困难。本文提出面向量子纠错程序的高效验证框架：定义断言逻辑与程序逻辑，建立可靠的证明系统；针对验证条件，Pauli 错误归约为可由 SMT 求解的经典断言，非 Pauli 错误则给出启发式算法。作者在 Coq 中形式化该程序逻辑，形成经过验证的 QEC 验证器，并实现自动化工具 Veri-QEC。实验在多种容错场景中完成验证任务，并给出 14 个已验证 stabilizer code 的基准，展示了框架的效率与广泛适用性。
Quantum error correction (QEC) is fundamental for suppressing noise in quantum hardware and enabling fault-tolerant quantum computation. In this paper, we propose an efficient verification framework for QEC programs. We define an assertion logic and a program logic specifically crafted for QEC programs and establish a sound proof system. We then develop an efficient method for handling verification conditions (VCs) of QEC programs: for Pauli errors, the VCs are reduced to classical assertions that can be solved by SMT solvers, and for non-Pauli errors, we provide a heuristic algorithm. We formalize the proposed program logic in Coq proof assistant, making it a verified QEC verifier. Additionally, we implement an automated QEC verifier, Veri-QEC, for verifying various fault-tolerant scenarios. We demonstrate the efficiency and broad functionality of the framework by performing different verification tasks across various scenarios. Finally, we present a benchmark of 14 verified stabilizer codes.
@article{paperbot3066,
title = {Efficient Formal Verification of Quantum Error Correcting Programs},
author = {Qifan Huang and Li Zhou and Wang Fang and Mengyu Zhao and Mingsheng Ying},
journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages},
volume = {9},
number = {PLDI},
year = {2025},
doi = {10.1145/3729293}
}