Iterators are a fundamental programming abstraction for traversing and modifying elements in containers in mainstream imperative languages such as C++. Iterators provide a uniform access mechanism that hides low-level implementation details of the underlying data structure. However, iterators over mutable containers suffer from well-known hazards including invalidation, aliasing, data races, and subtle side effects. Immutable data structures, as used in functional programming languages, avoid the pitfalls of mutation but rely on a very different programming model based on recursion and higher-order combinators (map, foldl, traverse, etc.) rather than iteration. However, these combinators are not always well-suited to expressing certain algorithms, and recursion can expose implementation details of the underlying data structure. In this paper, we propose persistent iterators---a new abstraction that reconciles the familiar iterator-based programming style of imperative languages with the semantics of persistent data structures. A persistent iterator snapshots the version of its underlying container at creation, ensuring safety against invalidation and aliasing. Iterator operations (++, erase, etc.) operate on the iterator-local copy of the container, giving true value semantics: variables can be rebound to new persistent values while previous versions remain accessible. We implement our approach in the form of LibFpp---a C++ container library providing persistent vectors, maps, sets, strings, and other abstractions as persistent counterparts to the Standard Template Library (STL). Our evaluation shows that LibFpp retains the expressiveness of iterator-based programming, eliminates iterator-invalidation, and achieves asymptotic complexities comparable to STL implementations---albeit with the higher constant-factor overheads of persistence. Our design targets use cases where persistence and safety are desired, while allowing developers to retain familiar iterator-based programming patterns.

@article{paperbot3701,
  title = {Persistent Iterators with Value Semantics},
  author = {Yihe Li and Gregory J. Duck},
  journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages},
  volume = {10},
  number = {PLDI},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1145/3808324}
}