Binary size reduction is an increasingly important optimization objective for compilers, especially in the context of mobile applications and resource-constrained embedded devices. In such domains, binary size often takes precedence over compilation time. One emerging technique that has been shown effective is function merging , where multiple similar functions are merged into one, thereby eliminating redundancy. The state-of-the-art approach to perform the merging, due to Rocha et al. [CGO 2019, PLDI 2020], is based on sequence alignment , where functions are viewed as linear sequences of instructions that are then matched in a way maximizing their alignment. In this paper, we consider a significantly generalized formulation of the problem by allowing reordering of branches within each function, subsequently allowing for more flexible matching and better merging. We show that this makes the problem NP -hard, and thus we study it through the lens of parameterized algorithms and complexity , where we identify certain parameters of the input that govern its complexity. We look at two natural parameters: the branching factor and nesting depth of input functions. Concretely, our input consists of two functions F 1 , F 2 , where each F i has size n i , branching factor b i , and nesting depth d i . Our task is to reorder the branches of F 1 and F 2 in a way that yields linearizations achieving the maximum sequence alignment. Let n = max ( n 1 , n 2 ), and define b , d similarly. Our results are as follows: • A simple algorithm running in time 2 O ( bd ) n 2 , establishing that the problem is fixed-parameter tractable ( FPT ) with respect to all four parameters b 1 , d 1 , b 2 , d 2 . • An algorithm running in time 2 O ( bd 2 ) n 7 , showing that even when one of the functions has an unbounded nesting depth, the problem remains in FPT . • A hardness result showing that the problem is NP -hard even when constrained to constant d 1 , b 2 , d 2 . To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic study of function merging with branch reordering from an algorithmic or complexity-theoretic perspective.

@article{paperbot3746,
  title = {Parameterized Algorithms and Complexity for Function Merging with Branch Reordering},
  author = {Amir K. Goharshady and Kerim Kochekov and Tian Shu and Ahmed Khaled Zaher},
  journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages},
  volume = {10},
  number = {PLDI},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.1145/3808282}
}