一句话：通过调查与焦点小组研究，揭示采矿业软件生态中CAPEX向供应商转移带来的风险与资产再分配，并指出缺乏正式风险管理机制。
设备互联和基础设施演进使采矿运营相关的软件生态系统（SECO）与系统之系统（SoS）中资产与风险分布发生变化。方法包括对其他领域SLA使用情况的调查，以及对企业的焦点小组研究。研究发现采矿业趋势是将资本支出（CAPEX）从运营商转移给供应商，运营商以运营支出（OPEX）租赁设备或购买服务。这使知识流向供应商，运营商对其运维依赖加深。但该转变仍处早期，尚无SLA等形式化风险管理，企业更多依赖信任与未来创新互惠的激励。作者认为需系统理解SECO风险，并定义可靠性、性能等质量属性。
Digitalization and servitization are impacting many domains, including the mining industry. As the equipment becomes connected and technical infrastructure evolves, business models and risk management need to adapt. In this paper, we present a study on how changes in asset and risk distribution are evolving for the actors in a software ecosystem (SECO) and system-of-systems (SoS) around a mining operation. We have performed a survey to understand how Service Level Agreements (SLAs) -- a common mechanism for managing risk -- are used in other domains. Furthermore, we have performed a focus group study with companies. There is an overall trend in the mining industry to move the investment cost (CAPEX) from the mining operator to the vendors. Hence, the mining operator instead leases the equipment (as operational expense, OPEX) or even acquires a service. This change in business model impacts operation, as knowledge is moved from the mining operator to the suppliers. Furthermore, as the infrastructure becomes more complex, this implies that the mining operator is more and more reliant on the suppliers for the operation and maintenance. As this change is still in an early stage, there is no formalized risk management, e.g. through SLAs, in place. Rather, at present, the companies in the ecosystem rely more on trust and the incentives created by the promise of mutual future benefits of innovation activities. We believe there is a need to better understand how to manage risk in SECO as it is established and evolves. At the same time, in a SECO, the focus is on cooperation and innovation, the companies do not have incentives to address this unless there is an incident. Therefore, industry need, we believe, help in systematically understanding risk and defining quality aspects such as reliability and performance in the new business environment.