一句话：实测八项 Java 项目的 CI 构建，发现批处理策略可节省 57%–94% 的 CPU 能耗，且节能几乎完全来自执行时间缩短。
持续集成流水线对每次提交都运行自动化测试，能耗可观。批量测试在仿真研究中被证明能减少测试执行次数，但此前无人测量这种减少能否转化为真实能耗节省。本文对 8 个开源 Java 项目的 CI 构建进行测量，在“全部运行”基线以及 BatchStop4 与 linear-4 lwd 两种批处理策略下采集 CPU package 能耗。结果显示：BatchStop4 节能 57%–88%，linear-4 lwd 节能 59%–94%；节能与时间节省几乎完全相关（r > 0.99），说明批处理主要通过缩短总执行时间来降低能耗。基线失败率能强预测可实现的节能幅度，而 CPU 利用率与节能无显著关系。该研究为批量测试有效降低持续集成环境足迹提供了实证依据，尤其适用于失败率较低的项目。
Continuous integration pipelines execute automated tests on every commit, consuming substantial energy. Batch testing, which groups multiple commits into a single test run, has been shown to reduce test executions in simulation studies, but no prior work has measured whether these reductions translate into actual energy savings. This study measures CPU package energy consumption of CI builds under a baseline run-all approach and two batching strategies (BatchStop4 and linear-4 lwd) across eight open-source Java projects. BatchStop4 achieves energy savings between 57% and 88%, while linear-4 lwd achieves savings between 59% and 94%. Energy savings correlate almost perfectly with time savings (r >0.99), indicating that batching reduces energy primarily by shortening total execution time. Baseline failure rate strongly predicts achievable savings, while CPU utilisation shows no significant relationship. These findings provide empirical evidence that batch testing effectively reduces the environmental footprint of continuous integration, particularly for projects with low failure rates.
@inproceedings{OszkoLZB26,
title = {The Energy Impact of Batch Testing in Continuous Integration: An Empirical Study of Static and Dynamic Batching Strategies},
author = {Máté Oszkó and Xutong Liu and Andy Zaidman and Carolin Brandt},
booktitle = {FSE},
year = {2026},
doi = {10.1145/3803437.3805602}
}